New IAEA Publication on Nuclear Power Infrastructure Emphasizes Small Modular Reactors
The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has recently released a new version of its influential publication titled ‘Milestones in the Development of a National Infrastructure for Nuclear Power.’ This updated document serves as a comprehensive guide for countries aiming to establish or expand their nuclear power programs. Notably, this revision includes specific guidance related to small modular reactors (SMRs), a burgeoning technology within the nuclear power sector.
The Milestones Approach, as outlined by the IAEA, provides a structured framework for countries to follow when developing a nuclear power program. This approach divides the process into three distinct phases, each with its own set of objectives and requirements. The updated publication now includes an annex that focuses on SMRs, highlighting the lessons learned from countries that have successfully advanced through these phases using other reactor types.
The timing of this release is particularly significant as nuclear power is gaining momentum and recognition as a critical component of achieving net-zero carbon emissions. For the global community to meet its carbon reduction goals by 2050, there must be a substantial increase in nuclear power capacity. This includes both scaling up existing nuclear infrastructure and introducing nuclear power to new markets.
First published in 2007 and revised in 2015, this latest edition of the IAEA milestones publication aligns with the agency’s broader range of guidance materials related to nuclear power development. These materials cover crucial areas such as nuclear safety, security, and safeguards. Additionally, the new edition incorporates insights from recent Integrated Nuclear Infrastructure Review (INIR) missions, which evaluate the readiness of countries to embark on or expand their nuclear power initiatives.
While traditional large-scale water-cooled reactors are expected to continue playing a significant role in future nuclear capacity, SMRs present a unique opportunity to contribute to emissions reduction and sustainable development. Typically producing up to 300 megawatts of electricity, SMRs are particularly suited for deployment in remote areas and regions with smaller electrical grids. Their modular design allows for factory assembly of systems and components, which are then transported to the installation site as a complete unit, potentially reducing construction time.
The versatility of SMRs extends beyond traditional power generation. They are attracting interest from new end-users, such as data centers, which require substantial electricity supplies. Industrial sectors focused on decarbonization also see potential applications for SMRs. The speed at which SMRs can be licensed and reach commercial readiness will determine their impact on the energy landscape.
Aline des Cloizeaux, Director of the IAEA’s Division of Nuclear Power, underlines the importance of this update, stating, "As the nuclear power landscape continues to evolve, so too must the assistance we provide. This latest update of the IAEA milestones guidance comes at a pivotal moment when an increasing number of countries are considering nuclear power for their energy mix to achieve their net zero pledges." She emphasizes the vital role SMRs will play in the clean energy transition and the necessity for countries to understand the requirements for successful SMR project implementation.
SMRs share many similarities with large nuclear reactors, operating on the same fundamental principles and requiring robust legal and regulatory frameworks, stakeholder engagement, and environmental considerations. However, due to their unique characteristics, such as lower power output and simplified designs, some specific infrastructure needs may differ.
For instance, SMRs that use coolants other than water may produce new types of radioactive waste, necessitating planning for their management. Additionally, if new fuel types are utilized, establishing a reliable supply chain becomes crucial. Innovative safeguards approaches may also be needed to address the novel design features of SMRs, ensuring effective nuclear material control and accounting.
Currently, approximately 30 newcomer countries are exploring the prospect of nuclear power, with some already advancing plans to construct their first nuclear power plants. Bangladesh, Egypt, and Türkiye are examples of nations currently building their inaugural nuclear facilities. In the coming decades, more countries are expected to join this list.
Argentina, China, and Russia are actively constructing SMRs, with China and Russia having already deployed their first SMRs in 2019 and 2021, respectively. Countries like Estonia, Jordan, and Poland have identified SMRs as integral components of their future clean energy strategies. Notably, an INIR mission focused on SMRs took place in Estonia last October. Meanwhile, Jordan is exploring how SMRs could address its seawater desalination needs, as discussed with IAEA experts last August.
In a bid to foster international collaboration and dialogue, the IAEA will host the first International Conference on Small Modular Reactors and their Applications from October 21 to 25 in Vienna. This conference will serve as a platform for stakeholders to assess progress, discuss challenges, and explore opportunities for the accelerated development and deployment of SMRs. Participants must be designated by an IAEA Member State or belong to an invited organization to attend.
Overall, the revised IAEA publication represents an essential resource for countries navigating the complexities of nuclear power development. By incorporating specific guidance on SMRs, the document underscores the growing importance of this technology in the global energy landscape. As nations strive to meet climate goals and ensure energy security, the role of nuclear power, particularly through innovative solutions like SMRs, will be pivotal. For more detailed information, the original publication can be accessed directly through the IAEA’s website.
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